Issue 01
Divine Creatures:
Animal Cults in Ancient Egypt
July, 2022
The origin of Egyptian animal cults dates back to the beginning of dynastic Egypt in 3100 B.C. The fertile Nile valley nurtured ancient Egyptians and a wide variety of animals. For Egyptians, animals enchanted the mundane space and filled the blanks of the unknown world with divinities and fantasies. They brought these animals and their characteristics into the spiritual realm, depicting them either as animal forms or as animal-human amalgam. Viewed as manifestations of the divine, animals played an important role in Egyptian’s religious activities and even secular lives.
As the kingdoms of Egypt changed and developed, the animal cults gained increasing importance. During the troubled times when the country was progressively being drawn into the Mediterranean world, animal deities can be seen as an attempt to return to traditional core values, providing a means of more immediate contact between gods and people while reassuring the unsettled hearts. By the end of the Ptolemaic period in the first century B.C., animal cults began to fall out of favor. During Roman rule and the expansion of Christianity into Egypt, the old gods were abandoned.
Today, the discovery of the sacred animal artifacts traces a historical space where animals’ power, grace, and strength were revered and worshiped. Divine Creatures: Animal Cults in Ancient Egypt invites audiences to take a closer look at the sacred menagerie and unlock the secrets of Egyptian religion and mythology.
The Gayer-Anderson Cat
Date: 600 BCE
Place: Egypt
Medium: Bronze, Silver, Gold
Dimension: 42 × 20 × 30.5 cm (16 1/2 × 7 4/5 × 12 in.)
Source: The British Museum
Tomb Painting
Date: c. 1350 BCE
Place: Egypt
Medium: Plaster
Dimension: 22 × 98 × 115 cm (8 4/5 × 38 1/2 × 45 1/5 in.)
Source: The British Museum
Donation stela: Apries offers land to Bastet
Date: 589–570 BCE
Place: Egypt
Medium: Limestone
Dimension: H. 2.3 × W. 1.7 cm (7/8 × 11/16 in.)
Source: The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Statuette of a Jackal
Date: Late Period, Dynasty 26 (664-525 BCE)
Place: Egypt
Medium: Copper alloy
Dimensions: 9.5 × 17.5 × 5.1 cm (3 1/2 × 6 7/8 × 2 in.)
Source: The Art Institute of Chicago
Jackal
Date: 664–30 BCE
Place: Egypt
Medium: Cupreous metal
Dimensions: L. 5.1 × W. 1.1 × H. 3.3 cm (1 5/16× 7/8 × 7/8 in.)
Source: The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Canopic Jar
Date: ca. 750–700 B.C.
Place: Egypt
Medium: Limestone
Dimensions: H. (with lid) 36.8 cm (14 1/2 in.); Greatest diam. 13.2 cm (5 3/16 in.)
Source: The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Coffin Footboard with Apis bull carrying mummy
Date: ca. 750–525 B.C.
Place: Egypt
Medium: Wood, paint, cloth, paste
Dimensions: H. 21 × W. 29.4 × Th. 2.4 cm (8 1/4 × 11 9/16 × 15/16 in.)
Source: The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Statue of Apis Bull
Date: Ptolemaic Dynasty or earlier (400-100 BCE)
Place: Egypt
Medium: Serpentinite
Dimensions: H 52.5 cm
Source: Cleveland Museum of Art
Upper part of a statuette of the Mother of the Apis
Date: 664–200 B.C.
Place: Egypt
Medium: Yellow faience
Dimensions: H. 5.6 × W. 3.1 × D. 3 cm (2 3/16 × 1 1/4 × 1 3/16 in.)
Source: The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Figure of Horus
Date: 3rd Millennium BC
Place: Egypt
Medium: Metal, Copper alloy, Bronze
Dimensions: 19 x 12 x 8 cm (7 1/2 x 4 7/10 x 3 1/10 in.)
Source: The Hunt Museum
Relief Plaque Depicting the God Horus as a Falcon
Date: 664–30 BCE
Place: Egypt
Medium: Limestone
Dimensions: 31.1 × 28.3 × 3.2 cm (12 1/4 × 11 1/8 × 1 1/4 in.)
Source: The Art Institute of Chicago
Eye of Horus (Wedjat) Amulet
Date: 305 BCE–30 BCE
Place: Egypt
Medium: Gold
Dimensions: 0.9 × 1.2 × 0.3 cm (3/8 × 1/2 × 1/8 in.)
Source: The Art Institute of Chicago
Statue of Baboon
Date: 7th - 6th century BCE
Place: Egypt
Medium: Faience
Dimensions: 15.88 × 6.99 × 8.26 cm (6 1/4 × 2 3/4 × 3 1/4 in.)
Source: Minneapolis Institute of Art
Water Clock Decorated with a Baboon
Date: 664–30 BCE
Place: Egypt
Medium: Faience
Dimensions: H. 5.7 × W. 3.1 × D. 7.2 cm (2 1/4 × 1 1/4 × 2 13/16 in.)
Source: The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Relief panel showing two baboons offering the wedjat eye to the sun god Khepri
Date: 400–200 BCE
Place: Egypt
Medium: Limestone
Dimensions: H. 30.9 cm (12 3/16 in.); W. 39.3 cm (15 1/2 in.); D. 6 cm (2 3/8 in.)
Source: The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Sculpture of A Scarab Beetle
Date: 4th century BC
Place: Egypt
Medium: Diorite
Dimensions: 90 x 153 x 119 cm (35 2/5 × 60 1/5 × 46 4/5 in.)
Source: The British Museum
Winged Scarab
Date: 664–332 BCE
Place: Egypt
Medium: Faience
Dimensions: 6.4 × 13 × 0.6 cm (2 1/2 × 5 1/8 × 1/4 in.)
Source: The Art Institute of Chicago
Scarab
Date: ca. 1981–1640 BCE ?
Place: Egypt
Medium: Amethyst
Dimensions: L. 1 × W. 0.6 × H. 0.6 cm (3/8 × 1/4 × 1/4 in.)
Source: The Metropolitan Museum of Art